Envisioning the Dual Repercussions of FDA’s Accelerated Approval Pathway
Clinical trials are comprehensive research studies conducted to ensure that recently developed medical interventions, including novel drugs, surgical & other devices, and treatments/ therapies, are safe and effective for human use before commercialization. These trials provide evidence for regulatory bodies like the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Health Canada, UK’s Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, and China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) to ensure that a specific medical intervention is safe for the public use, begets limited adverse effects, and meets quality standards. However, it takes 10 to 15 years or even more to complete all three clinical trial phases before reaching the licensing stage. Thus, FDA introduced accelerated or expedite approvals to pace up the approval of drugs that treat severe conditions and address unmet medical needs.
Before
proceeding with the pros and cons of the FDA’s expedited program, let’s first
understand the full-fledged approval process set by various regulatory agencies
to launch any novel medical interventions in the market after comprehensive
analysis.
- Pre-Approval: the regulatory agencies set
specific guidelines around study design, volunteer selection, monitoring
procedures, informed consent, and data collection, which pharmaceutical
industries must adhere to when conducting clinical trials.
- Investigational
New Drug (IND) Application: Drugmakers/ sponsors are obliged to submit an IND application to
the regulatory body before initiating a clinical trial. This application
comprises justification, proposed study design, safety data from pre-clinical
studies, and a feasible approach to monitor volunteers during the trial.
- Review
Process: The
regulatory agency thoroughly reviews the statistical data, data quality,
results of all phases of pre-clinical and clinical trials, and potential
benefits & risks associated with the particular intervention.
- Post-Approval: Even after granting approval for
marketing and commercializing medical interventions, the regulatory body
continues to monitor the safety and efficacy of approved products through
post-marketing surveillance and requires periodic reporting of adverse
events.
Need for introducing USFDA Accelerated Approval Program
The US
FDA’s Accelerated Approval Program (AAP) aims to expedite the development and
enable faster access to new therapies that address an unmet need in treating
severe ailments. This program is mainly introduced to promote the treatment of
chronic diseases, where the course of the condition is extended, and
determining the clinical endpoint would take considerable time. The primary
objective behind introducing a priority review of specific drugs for
accelerated approval is to launch the drugs earlier in the market. To justify,
in the case of chronic diseases like HIV and cancer, thoroughly understanding
the effect of medications with precision can take a long time, which results in
delayed drug approval.
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